#contents Abstraction, concretization, generalization, and specialization are operations on concepts. -Generalization: An existing description of a set of objects can be further generalized by adding new objects to the set and modifying the description to take these objects into account. -Specialization: The inverse operation to generalization is specialization. Specializing the description of a set of objects involves the reduction of the set to a subset. -Abstraction: An existing description of a set of objects can be further abstracted using a new focus and filtering away all parts of the description that are not relevant with respect to the new focus. -Concretization: The inverse operation to abstraction is concretization (also called refinement). Concretization results in the increase of detail per objects. [[Generative Programming]], p. 734 *文献 -[[Epistemological perspectives on ontology-based theories for conceptual modeling>http://eprints.qut.edu.au/14098/]], AO 2008 -[[Ontological foundations for conceptual modelling>http://iospress.metapress.com/content/41610575w0512233/fulltext.pdf]]