英語 de 地学対策wiki

解答の急募問題文（訳付き）：　３～

2007-12-08T15:45:45+09:00

E<<23. J>>23. ---------- E<>どの土壌型がぬれた熱帯にたいてい関連していますか? E<<30. J>>30. ---------- E<>地球の外部の過程を追い立てるエネルギー源は\\\\\\\です。 ---------- E<<31. J>>31. ---------- E<>風化は鉱物の岩石の成分と内部の構造を破壊する複雑な過程にかかわります。 ---------- ---------- E<<33. J>>33. ---------- E<>2では、タイプが風化して、風化は岩石の鉱物構成を変えないでますます小さい断片に岩石を壊す物理的な力によって実行されます。 ---------- E<<34. J>>34. ---------- E<>機械的な風化は\\\\\\\を含んでいます。 ---------- E<<35. J>>35. ---------- E<>風化していると呼ばれる過程は、縁と表面より容易に角を攻撃することによって、より丸い形を岩石に与えます。 ---------- E<<36. J>>36. ---------- E<>フロストのくさびで留めは極地方で最も効果的です。 ---------- E<<37. J>>37. ---------- E<>生物活動はほとんど風化の過程に影響を与えません。 ---------- E<<38. J>>38. ---------- E<>花崗岩が化学的に乗り切られるとき、クォーツ\\\\\\\です。 ---------- E<<39. J>>39. ---------- E<>酸化は橄欖石、輝石、およびホルンブレンドのような鉄苦土鉱物を分解することにおいて重要なメカニズムです。 ---------- E<<40. J>>40. ---------- E<>どれくらい急速に異なった鉱物天気に関するあなたの知識に基づいて、これらのロックタイプのどれが最も適当な基礎ベースを熱帯での組立の家に供給するでしょうか? ---------- E<>花崗岩、mafic火山角礫岩、石灰岩、玄武岩、andsite ---------- E<<41. J>>41. ---------- E<>クォーツは長石ほど化学風化に抵抗力がありません。 ---------- E<<42. J>>42.quartz ---------- E<>以下の鉱物のどれが地球の表面で見つけられた状態で風化するのに最も抵抗力がありますか? ---------- E<>橄欖石、黒雲母雲母、クォーツ、カリウム長石、輝石 ---------- E<<43. J>>43. ---------- E<>どんな要素が風化?粒径のレート、表面温度、湿気、鉱物構成、上記のすべてを制御しますか。 ---------- E<<44. J>>44. ---------- E<>窒素の、そして、クエン酸の、そして、酢の、そして、硫黄の弱い\\\\酸を含んでいるので、雨は自然に酸性です。 ---------- E<<45. J>>45. ---------- E<>土?水、(腐食された有機物質)、腐植(岩石を崩壊して、分解する)のコンポーネントは以下のどれです。 ---------- E<<(all of the above) J>>(上記のすべて) ---------- E<<46. J>>46. ---------- E<>土壌形成を制御する最も有力な要素は\\\\\\\です。気候、(親物質的)である時間(動植物)は坂になっています。 ---------- E<<47. J>>47. ---------- E<>風化で作り出された岩石と鉱物断片の層は\\\\\\と呼ばれます。 ---------- E<>心土、レゴリス、(こすことのゾーン)、土、腐植 ----------

急募

2007-12-04T20:15:55+09:00

英語Ｔ攻略隊急募！力尽きた・・・てか畠、問題文絶対どっかからパクってきた。

問題文訳

2007-12-04T20:15:03+09:00

32.Examine the information on weathering at this site. What type of weathering produces the "rounding" of a rock? ≫このサイトで風化することについての情報を検討してください。風化するどのタイプが岩の「球状化」を生産しますか。

Chapter1

2007-11-25T13:35:45+09:00

Ⅰ.鉱物(岩の塊を形成している物) 　A.鉱物の定義　　1.天然採出されたもの　　2.無機物である 3.固体である　　4.原子の内部構造の順番(原子核内の要素) 　　5.科学的形質を持っている　B.ミネラロイド -

メニュー

2007-11-19T13:00:46+09:00

メニュー -[[トップページ]] -[[授業プリント(原文)]] -[[授業プリント(対訳)]] -[[授業プリント Summary]] // リンクを張るには "[" 2つで文字列を括ります。 // ">" の左側に文字、右側にURLを記述するとリンクになります

授業プリント Summary

2007-11-17T11:41:30+09:00

[[Summary]] 要約 The following statements summarize and describe many of the key terms and concepts presented in the chapter. Igneous rock forms from magma that cools and solidifies in a process called crystallization. Sedimentary rock forms from the lithification of sediment. Metamorphic rock forms from rock that has been subjected to great pressure and heat in a process called metamorphism. The rate of cooling of magma greatly influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rock. The four basic igneous rock textures are (1) fine-grained, (2) coarse-grained, (3) porphyritic, and (4) glassy. Igneous rocks are classified by their texture and mineral composition. Igneous rocks are divided into broad compositional groups based on the percentage of dark and light silicate minerals they contain. Felsic rocks (e.g., granite and rhyolite) are composed mostly of the light-colored silicate minerals potassium feldspar and quartz. Rocks of intermediate composition (e.g., andesite) contain plagioclase feldspar and amphibole. Mafic rocks (e.g., basalt) contain abundant olivine, pyroxene, and calcium feldspar. The mineral makeup of an igneous rock is ultimately determined by the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallized. N. L. Bowen showed that as magma cools, minerals crystallize in an orderly fashion. Magmatic differentiation changes the composition of magma and causes more than one rock type to form from a common parent magma. Detrital sediments are materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from weathering. Chemical sediments are soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering that are precipitated by either inorganic or organic processes. Detrital sedimentary rocks, which are classified by particle size, contain a variety of mineral and rock fragments, with clay minerals and quartz the chief constituents. Chemical sedimentary rocks often contain the products of biological processes such as shells or mineral crystals that form as water evaporates and minerals precipitate. Lithification refers to the processes by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks. Common detrital sedimentary rocks include shale (the most common sedimentary rock), sandstone, and conglomerate. The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is limestone, composed chiefly of the mineral calcite. Rock gypsum and rock salt are chemical rocks that form as water evaporates and triggers the deposition of chemical precipitates. Some of the features of sedimentary rocks that are often used in the interpretation of Earth history and past environments include strata, or beds (the single most characteristic feature), fossils, ripple marks, and mud cracks. Two types of metamorphism are (1) regional metamorphism and (2) contact or thermal metamorphism. The agents of metamorphism include heat, pressure (stress), and chemically active fluids. Heat is perhaps the most important because it provides the energy to drive the reactions that result in the recrystallization of minerals. Metamorphic processes cause many changes in rocks, including increased density, growth of larger mineral crystals, reorientation of the mineral grains into a layered or banded appearance known as foliation, and the formation of new minerals. Some common metamorphic rocks with a foliated texture include slate, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphic rocks with a nonfoliated texture include marble and quartzite. Some of the most important accumulations of metallic mineral resources are produced by igneous and metamorphic processes. Vein deposits (deposits in fractures or bedding planes) and disseminated deposits (deposits distributed throughout the entire rock mass) are produced from hydrothermal solutions—hot metal-rich fluids associated with cooling magma bodies. Nonmetallic mineral resources are mined for the nonmetallic elements they contain or for the physical and chemical properties they possess. The two groups of nonmetallic mineral resources are (1) building materials (e.g., limestone and gypsum) and (2) industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite and corundum). http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_tarbuck_escience_11/32/8319/2129777.cw/index.html

Summary

2007-11-17T11:39:58+09:00

Summary The following statements summarize and describe many of the key terms and concepts presented in the chapter. Igneous rock forms from magma that cools and solidifies in a process called crystallization. Sedimentary rock forms from the lithification of sediment. Metamorphic rock forms from rock that has been subjected to great pressure and heat in a process called metamorphism. The rate of cooling of magma greatly influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rock. The four basic igneous rock textures are (1) fine-grained, (2) coarse-grained, (3) porphyritic, and (4) glassy. Igneous rocks are classified by their texture and mineral composition. Igneous rocks are divided into broad compositional groups based on the percentage of dark and light silicate minerals they contain. Felsic rocks (e.g., granite and rhyolite) are composed mostly of the light-colored silicate minerals potassium feldspar and quartz. Rocks of intermediate composition (e.g., andesite) contain plagioclase feldspar and amphibole. Mafic rocks (e.g., basalt) contain abundant olivine, pyroxene, and calcium feldspar. The mineral makeup of an igneous rock is ultimately determined by the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallized. N. L. Bowen showed that as magma cools, minerals crystallize in an orderly fashion. Magmatic differentiation changes the composition of magma and causes more than one rock type to form from a common parent magma. Detrital sediments are materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from weathering. Chemical sediments are soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering that are precipitated by either inorganic or organic processes. Detrital sedimentary rocks, which are classified by particle size, contain a variety of mineral and rock fragments, with clay minerals and quartz the chief constituents. Chemical sedimentary rocks often contain the products of biological processes such as shells or mineral crystals that form as water evaporates and minerals precipitate. Lithification refers to the processes by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks. Common detrital sedimentary rocks include shale (the most common sedimentary rock), sandstone, and conglomerate. The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is limestone, composed chiefly of the mineral calcite. Rock gypsum and rock salt are chemical rocks that form as water evaporates and triggers the deposition of chemical precipitates. Some of the features of sedimentary rocks that are often used in the interpretation of Earth history and past environments include strata, or beds (the single most characteristic feature), fossils, ripple marks, and mud cracks. Two types of metamorphism are (1) regional metamorphism and (2) contact or thermal metamorphism. The agents of metamorphism include heat, pressure (stress), and chemically active fluids. Heat is perhaps the most important because it provides the energy to drive the reactions that result in the recrystallization of minerals. Metamorphic processes cause many changes in rocks, including increased density, growth of larger mineral crystals, reorientation of the mineral grains into a layered or banded appearance known as foliation, and the formation of new minerals. Some common metamorphic rocks with a foliated texture include slate, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphic rocks with a nonfoliated texture include marble and quartzite. Some of the most important accumulations of metallic mineral resources are produced by igneous and metamorphic processes. Vein deposits (deposits in fractures or bedding planes) and disseminated deposits (deposits distributed throughout the entire rock mass) are produced from hydrothermal solutions—hot metal-rich fluids associated with cooling magma bodies. Nonmetallic mineral resources are mined for the nonmetallic elements they contain or for the physical and chemical properties they possess. The two groups of nonmetallic mineral resources are (1) building materials (e.g., limestone and gypsum) and (2) industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite and corundum).

授業プリント(対訳)

2007-11-11T00:09:52+09:00

*Weathering, Soil, and Mass Wasting &bold(){風化、土壌と斜面崩壊} **Ⅰ. Earth's external processes include &bold(){Ⅰ．} A. Weathering - the disintegration and decomposition of material at or near the surface &bold(){A.風化 - 表面や表面付近での物体の崩壊と分解} B. Mass wasting - the transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity C. Erosion - the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind or ice **Ⅱ. Weathering &bold(){Ⅱ.風化} A. Two kinds of weathering &bold(){2種類の風化} 1. Mechanical weathering a. Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces b. Four processes 1. Frost wedging 2. Unloading 3. Biological activity 2. Chemical weathering a. Alters the interna1' structures of minerals by removing or adding elements b. Most important agent is water 1. Oxygen dissolved in water oxidizes materials 2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water forms carbonic acid and alters the material c. Weathering of granite 1. Weathering of potassium feldspar produces a. Clay minerals b. Soluble salt (potassium bicarbonate) c. Silica in solution 2. Quartz remains substantially unaltered 3. Weathering of silicate minerals produces a. Soluble sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium products b. lnsolubl6 7ron oxides c. Clay minerals d. Can also produce physical changes by spheroidal weathering B. Rates of weathering 1. Advanced mechanical weathering aids chemical weathering by increasing the surface area 2. Important factors are a. Rock characteristics 1. Mineral composition and solubility a. Marble (calcite) readily dissolves in weakly acidic solutions b. Silicate minerals weather in the same order as their order of crystallization 2. Physical features such as joints b. Climate 1. Temperature and moisture are the most crucial factors 2. Chemical weathering is most effective in areas of warm temperatures and abundant moisture 3. Differential weathering a. Caused by variations in composition b. Creates unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms **Ⅲ. Soil A. An interface in the Earth system B. A combination of mineral matter, water, and air - that portion of the regolith (rock and mineral fragments) that supports the growth of plants C. Soil texture and structure 1. Texture a. Refers to the proportions of different particle sizes 1. Sand (large size) 2. Silt 3. Clay (small size) b. Loam is best suited for plant life 2. Structure a. Soil particles clump together to give a soil its structure b. Four basic soil structures 1. Platy 2. Prismatic 3. Blocky 4. Spheroida1 D. Controls of soil formation 1. Parent material a. Residual soil - parent material is the bedrock b. Transported soil - parent material has been carried from elsewhere and deposited 2. Time a. Important in all geologic processes b. Amount of time to evolve varies for different soils 3. Climate 4. Plants and animals a. Organisms influence the soil's physical and chemical properties b. Furnish organic matter to soil 5. Slope a. Angle 1. Steep slopes often have poorly developed soils 2.0ptimum is a flat--to-undulating upland surface b. Orientation (direction the slope is facing) influences 1. Soil temperature, and 2. Moisture E. Soil Profile 1. Soil forming processes operate from the surface downward 2. Horizons - zones or layers of soil a. Horizons in temperate regions 1. O - organic matter 2. A - organic and mineral matter 3. E - little organic matter 4. B - zone of accumulation 5. C - partially altered parent material b. 0 and A together called topsoil c. 0, A, E, and B together called solum, or "true soil" F. Soil types 1. Hundreds of soil types worldwide 2. Three very generic types a. Pedalfer 1. Accumulation of iron oxides and Al-rich clays in the B horizon 2. Best developed under forest vegetation b. Pedocal 1. Accumulate calcium carbonate 2. Associated with drier grasslands c. Laterite 1. Hog wet, tropical climates 2. Intense chemical weathering G. Soil Erosion 1. Recycling of Earth materials 2. Natural rates of erosion depend on a. Soil characteristics b. Climate c. Slope d. Type of vegetation 3. Soil erosion and sedimentation can cause a. Reservoirs to fi11 with sediment b. Contamination by pesticides and fertilizers **V. Weathering creates ore deposits A. Process called secondary enrichment 1. Concentrates metals into economical deposits 2. Takes place in one of two ways a. Removing undesired material from the decomposing rock, desired elements behind b. Desired elements are carried to lower zones and deposited B. Examples 1. Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum 2. Many copper and silver deposits **V. Mass Wasting A. The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity B. Gravity is the controlling force C. Important triggering factors are 1. Saturation ofthe material with water a. Destroys particle cohesion b. Water adds weight 2.0versteepening of slopes a. Unconsolidated granular particles assume a stable slope called the angle of repose a. Stable slope angle is different for various materials b. Oversteepened slopes are unstable 3. Removal of anchoring vegetation 4. Ground vibrations from earthquakes D. Types of mass wasting processes 1. Generally each type is defined by a. The material involved 1. Debris 2. Mud 3. Earth 4, Rock b. The movement of the material 1. Fall (free-fall of pieces) 2. Slide (material moves along a well-defined surface) 3. Flow (material moves as a viscous fluid) c. The rate of the movement 1. Fast 2. Slow 　　2. Forms of mass wasting 　　 a. Slump 1. Rapid 2. Movement along a curved surface 3. Along oversteepened slopes b. Rockslide 1. Rapid 2. Blocks of bedrock move down a slope c. Debris flow (mudflow) 1. Rapid 2. Flow of debris with water 3. Often confined to channels 4. Serious problem in dry areas with heavy rains 5. Debris flows composed mostly of volcanic materials on the flanks of volcanoes are called lahars d. Earthflow 1. Rapid 2.0n hillsides in humid regions 3. Water saturates the soil 4. Liquefaction - a special type of earthflow sometimes associated with earthquakes e. Creep 1. Slow movement of soil and regolith downhill 2. Causes fences and utility poles to tilt f. Solifluction 1. Slow 2. In areas underlain by permafrost 3. Upper (active) soil layer becomes saturated and slowly flows over a frozen surface below}}

授業プリント(原文)

2007-11-10T22:44:00+09:00

**Weathering, Soil, and Mass Wasting Ⅰ. Earth's external processes include A. Weathering - the disintegration and decomposition of material at or near the surface B. Mass wasting - the transfer of rock material downslope under the influence of gravity C. Erosion - the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind or ice Ⅱ. Weathering A. Two kinds of weathering 1. Mechanical weathering a. Breaking of rocks into smaller pieces b. Four processes 1. Frost wedging 2. Unloading 3. Biological activity 2. Chemical weathering a. Alters the interna1' structures of minerals by removing or adding elements b. Most important agent is water 1. Oxygen dissolved in water oxidizes materials 2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) dissolved in water forms carbonic acid and alters the material c. Weathering of granite 1. Weathering of potassium feldspar produces a. Clay minerals b. Soluble salt (potassium bicarbonate) c. Silica in solution 2. Quartz remains substantially unaltered 3. Weathering of silicate minerals produces a. Soluble sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium products b. lnsolubl6 7ron oxides c. Clay minerals d. Can also produce physical changes by spheroidal weathering B. Rates of weathering 1. Advanced mechanical weathering aids chemical weathering by increasing the surface area 2. Important factors are a. Rock characteristics 1. Mineral composition and solubility a. Marble (calcite) readily dissolves in weakly acidic solutions b. Silicate minerals weather in the same order as their order of crystallization 2. Physical features such as joints b. Climate 1. Temperature and moisture are the most crucial factors 2. Chemical weathering is most effective in areas of warm temperatures and abundant moisture 3. Differential weathering a. Caused by variations in composition b. Creates unusual and spectacular rock formations and landforms Ⅲ. Soil A. An interface in the Earth system B. A combination of mineral matter, water, and air - that portion of the regolith (rock and mineral fragments) that supports the growth of plants C. Soil texture and structure 1. Texture a. Refers to the proportions of different particle sizes 1. Sand (1arge size) 2. Silt 3. Clay (small size) b. Loam is best suited for plant life 2. Structure a. Soil particles clump together to give a soil its structure b. Four basic soil structures 1. Platy 2. Prismatic 3. Blocky 4. Spheroida1 D. Controls of soil formation 1. Parent material a. Residual soil - parent material is the bedrock b. Transported soil - parent material has been carried from elsewhere and deposited 2. Time a. Important in all geologic processes b. Amount of time to evolve varies for different soils 3. Climate 4. Plants and animals a. Organisms influence the soil's physical and chemical properties b. Furnish organic matter to soil 5. Slope a. Angle 1. Steep slopes often have poorly developed soils 2.0ptimum is a flat--to-undulating upland surface b. Orientation (direction the slope is facing) influences 1. Soil temperature, and 2. Moisture E. Soil Profile 1. Soil forming processes operate from the surface downward 2. Horizons - zones or layers of soil a. Horizons in temperate regions 1. O - organic matter 2. A - organic and mineral matter 3. E - little organic matter 4. B - zone of accumulation 5. C - partially altered parent material b. 0 and A together called topsoil c. 0, A, E, and B together called solum, or "true soil" F. Soil types 1. Hundreds of soil types worldwide 2. Three very generic types a. Pedalfer 1. Accumulation of iron oxides and Al-rich clays in the B horizon 2. Best developed under forest vegetation b. Pedocal 1. Accumulate calcium carbonate 2. Associated with drier grasslands c. Laterite 1. Hog wet, tropical climates 2. Intense chemical weathering G. Soil Erosion 1. Recycling of Earth materials 2. Natural rates of erosion depend on a. Soil characteristics b. Climate c. Slope d. Type of vegetation 3. Soil erosion and sedimentation can cause a. Reservoirs to fi11 with sediment b. Contamination by pesticides and fertilizers IV. Weathering creates ore deposits A. Process called secondary enrichment 1. Concentrates metals into economical deposits 2. Takes place in one of two ways a. Removing undesired material from the decomposing rock, desired elements behind b. Desired elements are carried to lower zones and deposited B. Examples 1. Bauxite, the principal ore of aluminum 2. Many copper and silver deposits V. Mass Wasting A. The downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity B. Gravity is the controlling force C. Important triggering factors are 1. Saturation ofthe material with water a. Destroys particle cohesion b. Water adds weight 2.0versteepening of slopes a. Unconsolidated granular particles assume a stable slope called the angle of repose a. Stable slope angle is different for various materials b. Oversteepened slopes are unstable 3. Removal of anchoring vegetation 4. Ground vibrations from earthquakes D. Types of mass wasting processes 1. Generally each type is defined by a. The material involved 1. Debris 2. Mud 3. Earth 4, Rock b. The movement of the material 1. Fall (free-fall of pieces) 2. Slide (material moves along a well-defined surface) 3. Flow (material moves as a viscous fluid) c. The rate of the movement 1. Fast 2. Slow 2. Forms of mass wasting a. Slump 1. Rapid 2. Movement along a curved surface 3. Along oversteepened slopes b. Rockslide 1. Rapid 2. Blocks of bedrock move down a slope c. Debris flow (mudflow) 1. Rapid 2. Flow of debris with water 3. Often confined to channels 4. Serious problem in dry areas with heavy rains 5. Debris flows composed mostly of volcanic materials on the flanks of volcanoes are called lahars d. Earthflow 1. Rapid 2.0n hillsides in humid regions 3. Water saturates the soil 4. Liquefaction - a special type of earthflow sometimes associated with earthquakes e. Creep 1. Slow movement of soil and regolith downhill 2. Causes fences and utility poles to tilt f. Solifluction 1. Slow 2. In areas underlain by permafrost 3. Upper (active) soil layer becomes saturated and slowly flows over a frozen surface below

トップページ

2007-11-10T22:22:43+09:00

英語で出された地学の授業プリントを内輪で解決するWikiです。英語や地学が得意な人、この授業を受講している人は是非とも参加してほしいです。