*（仮題）政治思想：用語集 *■このページの目的 政治思想を説明するに当たっては、まず信頼の置ける用語集が必要である。 しかし、政治思想の分野は歴史分野以上に反日左翼学者が跋扈しており、既存の用語集からの参照は役に立たない。（[[ソ連が日本共産党に与えた32年テーゼ>右翼・左翼の歴史]]に基づく「天皇制ファシズム論」の丸山真男を未だに日本の代表的政治思想家として絶賛するような学者が大半を占める） 但し政治思想分野の救いは、最先端を行く英語圏の思想状況が比較的健全であるために、その輸入物に過ぎない日本の政治思想も原典を勝手に歪曲できないことである。（もっとも健全な著作は、岩波書店などの大手が出版を避けるために、マイナーな書店から出版されるなど入手困難あるいは絶品により入手不可となっているケースが多い） 以下の用語集は、英語圏の辞典類(EB=Encyclopedia Britannica 及び wikipedia英語版)からの引用である。時期を見て和訳を試みる予定であるので、ご容赦願いたい。 *■Political Philosophy：政治思想 |BGCOLOR(#CCCC99):&size(16){&bold(){[[Conservatism>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism]]：保守主義}}| |&size(12){Political attitude or ideology denoting a preference for institutions and practices that have evolved historically and are thus manifestations of continuity and stability.&br() It was first expressed in the modern era through the works of Edmund Burke in reaction to the French Revolution, which Burke believed tarnished its ideals through its excesses. Conservatives believe that the implementation of change should be minimal and gradual; they appreciate history and are more realistic than idealistic. Well-known conservative parties include the British Conservative Party, the German Christian Democratic Union, the U.S. Republican Party, and the Japanese Liberal-Democratic Party. See also Christian Democracy; liberalism.}[[EB>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/133435/conservatism]]| |BGCOLOR(#CCCC99):&size(16){&bold(){[[Liberalism>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liveralism]]：自由主義、リベラリズム}}| |&size(12){Political and economic doctrine that emphasizes the rights and freedoms of the individual and the need to limit the powers of government.&br()Liberalism originated as a defensive reaction to the horrors of the European wars of religion of the 16th century (see Thirty Years’ War). Its basic ideas were given formal expression in works by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, both of whom argued that the power of the sovereign is ultimately justified by the consent of the governed, given in a hypothetical social contract rather than by divine right (see divine kingship). In the economic realm, liberals in the 19th century urged the end of state interference in the economic life of society. Following Adam Smith, they argued that economic systems based on free markets are more efficient and generate more prosperity than those that are partly state-controlled. In response to the great inequalities of wealth and other social problems created by the Industrial Revolution in Europe and North America, liberals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries advocated limited state intervention in the market and the creation of state-funded social services, such as free public education and health insurance. In the U.S. the New Deal program undertaken by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt typified modern liberalism in its vast expansion of the scope of governmental activities and its increased regulation of business. After World War II a further expansion of social welfare programs occurred in Britain, Scandinavia, and the U.S. Economic stagnation beginning in the late 1970s led to a revival of classical liberal positions favouring free markets, especially among political conservatives in Britain and the U.S. Contemporary liberalism remains committed to social reform, including reducing inequality and expanding individual rights. See also conservatism; individualism.}[[EB>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339173/liberalism/339173overview/Overview#toc=toc9370156]]| |BGCOLOR(#CCCC99):&size(16){&bold(){[[Collectivism>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectivism]]：集産主義、集団主義}}| |&size(12){any of several types of social organization in which the individual is seen as being subordinate to a social collectivity such as a state, a nation, a race, or a social class. Collectivism may be contrasted with individualism, in which the rights and interests of the individual are emphasized.&BR()The earliest modern, influential expression of collectivist ideas in the West is in Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Du contrat social, of 1762 (see social contract), in which it is argued that the individual finds his true being and freedom only in submission to the “general will” of the community. In the early 19th century the German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel argued that the individual realizes his true being and freedom only in unqualified submission to the laws and institutions of the nation-state, which to Hegel was the highest embodiment of social morality. Karl Marx later provided the most succinct statement of the collectivist view of the primacy of social interaction in the preface to his Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy: “It is not men’s consciousness,” he wrote, “which determines their being, but their social being which determines their consciousness.”&BR()Collectivism has found varying degrees of expression in the 20th century in such movements as socialism, communism, and fascism. The least collectivist of these is social democracy, which seeks to reduce the inequities of unrestrained capitalism by government regulation, redistribution of income, and varying degrees of planning and public ownership. In communist systems collectivism is carried to its furthest extreme, with a minimum of private ownership and a maximum of planned economy. }[[EB>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/125584/collectivism]]| |BGCOLOR(#CCCC99):&size(16){&bold(){[[Socialism>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism]]：社会主義}}| |&size(12){System of social organization in which private property and the distribution of income are subject to social control; also, the political movements aimed at putting that system into practice.&br()Because “social control” may be interpreted in widely diverging ways, socialism ranges from statist to libertarian, from Marxist to liberal. The term was first used to describe the doctrines of Charles Fourier, Henri de Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen, who emphasized noncoercive communities of people working noncompetitively for the spiritual and physical well-being of all (see utopian socialism). Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, seeing socialism as a transition state between capitalism and communism, appropriated what they found useful in socialist movements to develop their “scientific socialism.” In the 20th century, the Soviet Union was the principal model of strictly centralized socialism, while Sweden and Denmark were well-known for their noncommunist socialism. See also collectivism, communitarianism, social democracy.}[[EB>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism]]| *■概念編２：その他 *■人物編 ---- 【関連】 [[政治の基礎知識]]
