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**Hidden Nikkeijin:Identity of Ethnic Japanese in the Philippines in the Post-war Period
#center(){&bold(){Mariko Iijima}}
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&bold(){Abstract}
This paper focuses on identity formation of Japanese-Filipinos, who started to reveal themselves as people of Japanese descendants (=Nikkeijin) in the 1990s. Unlike Nikkeijin in North and South Americas, most of Japanese were left behind in the Philippines after WWII regardless of their will were forced to disguise their Nikkei identity in order to entrench themselves from severe anti-Japanese sentiments. However, when the Japanese immigration regulations revised in 1990, Japanese-Filipinos started to seek their roots in Japan.
One of the questions I am examining in this paper is 'why do the Japanese-Filipinos have to establish their Japanese roots after 50 years from WWII?' The main reason is an economic opportunity that enables them to work in Japan illegally. In addition to the economic reason, I would also like to analyse this question in terms of political, historical and social perspectives. In addition, this paper introduces the diversity of Japanese-Filipinos. Currently, they are divided into three groups: those who left behind in the Philippines, those who withdrew from the Philippines and came back to Japan right after WWII, and post-war children who were born from marriages between Japanese husbands and Filipina wives. By discussing how Japanese-Filipinos accept this diversity and classify each group them, I would like to consider the possibilities and new perspectives of Nikkeijin studies that would be inspired by the increasingly complex backgrounds of Nikkeijin .
[[Iijima profile>http://www29.atwiki.jp/nikkeijin/pages/47.html]]
**Nikkeijin Unveiled:Identity of Ethnic Japanese in the Philippines in the Post-war Period
#center(){&bold(){Mariko Iijima}}
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&bold(){Abstract}
This paper focuses on identity formation of Japanese-Filipinos, who did not publicly embrace their Japanese identity until the 1990s. Unlike people of Japanese ancestry in North and South America, most Japanese-Filipinos were left behind in the Philippines after WWII and were forced to disguise their identity in a country where anti-Japanese sentiment was widespread. However, after Japanese immigration regulations were revised in 1990, Japanese-Filipinos began to seek their roots and get reacquainted with their Japanese identity. One issue I will examine in this paper is the question of why Japanese-Filipinos have waited so long to explore their identity. Now that Japanese-Filipinos can work legally in Japan, one of the reasons they have been going back to Japan is because the country offers better economic opportunities. Yet there are other reasons why Japanese-Filipinos have decided to get in touch with their Japanese identity, and I will also explore this issue from a political, historical, and social perspective. In addition, this paper will highlight the diversity of Japanese-Filipinos, who can be roughly divided into three groups: those who were left behind in the Philippines after World War II; those who returned to Japan shortly after the war ended; and children whose fathers are Japanese and mothers are Filipino. By exploring these three "sub-ethnicities" and the way in which Japanese-Filipinos have recently embraced their multi-cultural identity, I hope to enrich Nikkeijin studies and shed light on the increasingly complex process of identity formation among ethnic Japanese in today's global society.
[[Iijima profile>http://www29.atwiki.jp/nikkeijin/pages/47.html]]
