2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE - GAZA兵器と人間・資料庫 @ wiki

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WHITE PHOSPHORUS -index
2 HEALTH EFFECTS

2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE

（preface）

To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized first by route of exposure - inhalation, oral, and dermal; and then by health effect - death, systemic, immunological, neurological, reproductive, developmental, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods - acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15-364 days), and chronic (365 days or more).

Levels of significant exposure for each route and duration are presented in tables and illustrated in figures. The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest-observedadverseeffect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. LOAELs have been classified into “less serious” or “serious” effects. “Serious” effects are those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality (e.g., acute respiratory distress or death). “Less serious” effects are those that are not expected to cause significant dysfunction or death, or those whose significance to the organism is not entirely clear. ATSDR acknowledges that a considerable amount of judgment may be required in establishing whether an end point should be classified as a NOAEL, “less serious” LOAEL, or “serious” LOAEL, and that in some cases, there will be insufficient data to decide whether the effect is indicative of significant dysfunction. However, the Agency has established guidelines and policies that are used to classify these end points. ATSDR believes that there is sufficient merit in this approach to warrant an attempt at distinguishing between “less serious” and “serious” effects. The distinction between “less serious” effects and “serious” effects is considered to be important because it helps the users of the profiles to identify levels of exposure at which major health effects start to appear. LOAELs or NOAELs should also help in determining whether or not the effects vary with dose and/or duration, and place into perspective the possible significance of these effects to human health.

The significance of the exposure levels shown in the Levels of Significant Exposure (LSE) tables and figures may differ depending on the user’s perspective. Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals or exposure levels below which no adverse effects have been observed. Estimates of levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels or MRLs) may be of interest to health professionals and citizens alike.

Estimates of exposure levels posing minimal risk to humans (Minimal Risk Levels or MRLs) have been made for white phosphorus. An MRL is defined as an estimate of daily human exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse effects (noncarcinogenic) over a specified duration of exposure. MRLs are derived when reliable and sufficient data exist to identify the target organ(s) of effect or the most sensitive health effect(s) for a specific duration within a given route of exposure. MRLs are based on noncancerous health effects only and do not consider carcinogenic effects. MRLs can be derived for acute, intermediate, and chronic duration exposures for inhalation and oral routes. Appropriate methodology does not exist to develop MRLs for dermal exposure.

Although methods have been established to derive these levels (Barnes and Dourson 1988; EPA 1990), uncertainties are associated with these techniques. Furthermore, ATSDR acknowledges additional uncertainties inherent in the application of the procedures to derive less than lifetime MRLs. As an example, acute inhalation MRLs may not be protective for health effects that are delayed in development or are acquired following repeated acute insults, such as hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. As these kinds of health effects data become available and methods to assess levels of significant human exposure improve, these MRLs will be revised.

A User’s Guide has been provided at the end of this profile (see Appendix A). This guide should aid in the interpretation of the tables and figures for Levels of Significant Exposure and the MRLs.

2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure（未作成）

• (2.2.1.0 preface)
• 2.2.1.1 Death 死
• 2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects 全身性影響
• 2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects　免疫そしてリンパ系影響
• 2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects　神経への影響
• 2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects 　生殖器への影響
• 2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects 発育上の影響
• 2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects　遺伝毒性影響
• 2.2.1.8 Cancer　癌

2.2.2 Oral Exposure

• (2.2.2.0 preface)
• 2.2.2.1 Death
• 2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects
• 2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects.
• 2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects
• 2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects
• 2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects
• 2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects
• 2.2.2.8 Cancer

2.2.3 Dermal Exposure (Nonburn)（未作成）

• (2.2.3.0 preface)
• 2.2.3.1 Death
• 2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects
• 2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects
• 2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects
• 2.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects
• 2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects
• 2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects
• 2.2.3.8 Cancer

2.2.4 Dermal Exposure (Burn)

• (2.2.4.0 preface)
• 2.2.4.1 Death
• 2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects
• 2.2.4.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects
• 2.2.4.4 Neurological Effects
• 2.2.4.5 Reproductive Effects
• 2.2.4.6 Developmental Effects
• 2.2.4.7 Genotoxic Effects
• 2.2.4.8 Cancer

---

2 HEALTH EFFECTS