Chapter3～オペレーティングシステム（OS）関連～
・ページ別和訳
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とりあえず、前半を投稿しました。
今回は量が多い上にどうでもいいような単語が多いし、それぞれの説明は短いし、そんなこんなで今回はムズかしいんじゃないかな？
・主なキーワード
operating system;
This is a set of programs that lies between applications software and the hardware;it is the fundamental software that controls access to all other hardware and software resource.
systems software;
This is often used interchangeably with operating system, but systems software means all programs related to coodinating computer operations
Systems software includes the operating system but also includes other elements, such as programming language translators and a variety of utility programs.
kernel;
The most impotant program in the operating system and loads into memory other operating system programs (called nonresident) from disk storage only as needed.
booting;
The process of loading the operating system into bmemory is called this,the system.
The word "booting" is used because, figuratively speaking, the operating system pulls itself up by its own bootstraps.
When the coputer is turned on, a small program stored in a ROM chip performs some internal hardware component tests yhen loads th kernel from the hard disk.
user interface;
The communication occurs through the operating system's user interface, which determines how the user interacts with the operating system.
The two basic forms of user interfaces are the command-line interface and the graphical user interface(GUI).
The command-line interface is textbased and requires you to type in complete operating system commands.
GUIs use visual images and menus to enable users to enter commands.
platform;
This refers to a combination of computer hardware and operating system software.
Software makers must decide for which platform to write an applications software package, although some make versions of their software for more than one platform.
(DOC);
The MS-DOS operating system was introduced in the early 1980s.
It employs a command-line user interface.
prompt;
A signal that the system is expecting you to do something.
At this point,you must give some instruction, or command, to the operating system.
Although the prompt is the only visible result of booting the system, DOS also provides the basic software that coordinates the computer's hardware commponents and a set of programs that lets you perform the many computer tasks you need to do.
command;
To execute a given DOS program, you must type a command, a name that invokes a specific DOS program.
Microsoft Windows;
In th short, uses a colorful graphics interface that, among other things, eases access to the operating system.
Microsoft Windows defines the operating environment standard for computers with Intel processors.
Most new personal computers come with Windows already installed.
shell;
Operating environment is often called a shell because it forms a "coating," with icons and menus, over the operating syatem.
graphical user interface(GUI);
The feature that makes Windows so easy to use is graphical user interface(GUI).
pull-down menus;
Beacause they appear to pull down like a window shade from the original selection on the menu bar, they are called so.
pop-up menus;
They, originatefrom a selection at the bottom of the screen or when the user right-clicks the mouse.
Icons and menus enable pointing and clicking with a mouse, an approach that can make computer use fast, easy, and intuitive.
Plung and Play;
Windows supports Plung and Play, aconcept that lets the computer configure itself when a new component is added.
For Plung and Play to work, hardware components must also support the Plung and Play standard.
object linking and embedding(OLE);
A Windows technology called object linking and embedding(OLE) lets you embed or link one document to another.
For instance, you can embed a spreadsheet within a report created in a word processing program that supports OLE.
When you click the spreadsheet to modify it, you are taken to the program that you used to create the spreadsheet.
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Windows 98 and Me;
・Internet/intranet browsing capabilities:
・Support for state-of-the-art hardware:
・Support for multigigabyte disk drives:
・TV viewer and broadcast ability:
・Wizards:
・Multimedia support:
・REliability features:
・Home network support:
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Windows NT;
The operating system called Windows NT is meant mostly for corporate, networked environments.
The late with the NT designation, looks exactly like Windows 98 and runs most of the same software that runs under Windows 98.
But beneath the surface, Windows NT is far more robust.
It was engineered for stability and, as befits a networked environment, has much stronger security feature.
Windows 2000;
It maintains the stability and security features that are NT's hallmark and incorporates Windows 98's ease of setup and hardware awareness.
As with Windows NT, there are two versions:Windows 2000 for network serversand Windows 2000 Professional for individial users.
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Windows XP;
This brings Microsoft's consumer and corporate operating systems together into a single product.
It incorporates and extends the consumer-oriented features of Windows Me into the stable, dependable Windows 2000 environment.
Windows XP comes in two versions designed for desktop computers.
It contains all the features described in the following list and adds features for file encryption, remote desktop access, and dual processor support.
New features in the consumer-oriented Home Edition include the following:
・Improved user interface.
・Improved multimedia support.
・More extensive personalization.
・Multiple user support.
・Internet support features.
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Windows CE;
This is a Windows-based modular operating system designed for the embedded system and Internet applicance market.
Its most noticeable use is as the operating system for the Pocket PCs being produced.
Wiundows CE is a subset of Windows, scaled back to work with less memory on smaller screens and without much, if any, file storage.
This provides one other important feature: Internet connectivity.
The latest version, supports Microsoft's .NET platform for Web services, described under operating systemd for networks.
Embedded system;
These are computing devices that are integrated into other products.
Mac OS;
It had the first commercially successful GUI and quickly gained areputation for user friendliness.
The Mac OS GUI has served as a model for most of the graphical interfaces that have been developed since then.
Still concidered by many to be easier to use than Windows, Mac OS X contains enhancements in multimedia support and multitasking ---the ability to do several things at ones.
It also enables you share files with Windows-based systems.
UNIX;
This is a character-based system with a command-line user interface, although several GUI interfaces are available.
In contrast to the operating systems we have discussed up to this point, Unix is not tied to any specific family of processors.
It runs on just about every type of computer available.
These versions are similar enough that an experienced Unix user would be comfortable with any of them.
Linux;
In 1991 Linus Yorvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland, created the kernel of a Unix-like operating system named Linux.
He made the source code available to the public free of charge, under a concept known as open-source software.
User can download Linux for free, make any changes they wish, and freely distribute copies.
The only restriction is that any changes they make must be freely available to the public.
dual-boot;
Many users install Linux in a dual-boot configuration with Windows; that is, when you boot the system, you choose which operating system to load.
network operating system(NOS);
This is designed to let computers on a network share resources such as hard disks and printers.
A NOS resides on a network server and handles network functions.
In addition to resource sharing, a NOS sipports data security, troubleshooting administrative control.
Netware;
This is another popular NOS designed for the client/server environment.
It supports clients running most operating systems.
Its client components are installed in addition to the native operating system of the desktop or notebook vlient.
Resource allocation;
This is the process of assigning computer resources to certain programs for their use.
Those same resources are deallocated--released--when the program using them is finished, and then they are reallocated elsewhere.
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multiprocessing;
Because most computers have a single CPU, all programs running on the computer must share it.
The sharing process is controlled by the operating system.
Two approaches to sharing the CPU are multiprogramming and time-sharing.
A similar-sounding (but very different in meaning) term, multiprocessing, refers to the use of a powerful computer with multiple CPUs so that multiple instructions can be executed simultaneously, each on a separate processor.
---MULTIPROGRAMMING;
It means that two or more programs are being executed in the same time frame, that is, concurrently, on a computer.
---TIME-SHARING;
=======================================================================================================================================
event-driven;
This means that programs share resources based on events that take place in the programs.
Normally, a program is allowed to complete a certain activity (event), before relinquishing the resource to another program that is waiting for it.
interrupt;
This is a signal that causes normal program processing to be suspended temporarily.
Response time;
This is the time between your typed computer request and yhe computer's reply.
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Memory management;
This is the process of allocating memory to programs and of keeping the programs in memory separate from one another.
There are many methods of memory management.
Some systems simply divide memory into separate areas, each of which can hold a program.
foreground;
Large all-purpose computers often divide their memory into foreground and background area.
The foreground is generally for programs that have higher priority and therefire receive more CPU time.
A typical foreground program is in a time-sharing environment, with the user at a terminal awaiting response.
That is, a foreground program is interactive, with the CPU often unused while the user is entiring the next request.
Thus therev is CPU time available for the waiting background programs.
background;
The background, as the name implies, is for programs with less pressing schedules and therefore lower priorities and less CPU time.
Typical background programs are batch programs in a multiprogramming environment.
virtual storage (virtual memory);
The virtual strage concept means that the programs currently being executed are stored on disk and portions of therse programs are bought into memory as needed.
Because only one part of a program can be executing at any given time, the parts that are not cyrrently needed are left on the desk.
Because only part of the program is in memory at any given time, the amount of memory needed is minimized.
real storage;
Whereas the secoundary storage (hard disk, most likely) holding the rest of the program is considered virtual storage.
Paging;
Paging is the process of dividing a program into equal-size pieces called pages and storing them in equal-size memory spaces called page frames.
All pages and page frames are the same fixed size, typically 2 kilobytes (KB) or 4 (KB).
The pages are stored in memory in noncontiguous locations.
page table;
This is like an index, lists each page that is part of the program and the corresponding beginning memory adress where it has been placed.
thrashing;
If too large a portion of available CPU time is spent performing this paging, very little is left over to actually execute user programs.
This situation, called thrashing, can be eliminated by running fewer programs concurrently or by adding additional memory.
memory protection;
If a program inadvertently attempts to enter some memory area outside its limits, the operating system terminates the execution of that program.
This process of keeping one program from straying into another is called memory protection.
utility programs (utilities);
Duplication of effort is what utility programs, or just utility, are supposed to avoid.
Such programs perform many secoundary chores, such as backing files, and ferreting out computer viruses.
Strictly speaking, these utilities are concidered part of the system software but not part of the operating system.
Some utilities are packaged with operating systems; others can be purchased separately.
--FILE MANAGER------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
file manager;
The file manager utility enables you to store your files in a hierarchical directory structure that is organized in a way that makes sense to you.
directory;
A directory is a named area in storage that can contain files and other directories.
--BACKUP AND RESTORE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Backup and restore;
Backing up files involves making duplicate copies and storing them in a safe place, in case anything happens to the originals.
Backup and restore utilities enable you to make backups of entire hard drives or of selected directories.
These backups could be made to diskettes but are normally stored on high-capacity media such as CD or tape.
--FILE COMPRESSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--DEFRAGMENTER-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
disk defragmenter;
If a lot of files are fragmented, the effect on system performance can be very noticeable.
A disk defragmemter utility recorganizes the files on the disk so that all files are stored in contiguous location.
--DEVICE DRIVERS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
device drivers;
A device driver accepts standard commands from the operating system and converts them into the proper format for the device it supports.
Windowsシリーズは多分出ないでしょう。 もう時間がないので、出なさそうなところは訳しまへんでー
