Signalling of Need by Offspring to Their Parents
Godfray, H. C. J. (1991) Signalling of need by offspring to their parents. Nature 352: 328-330.
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MEMO
Abstract
Abstract
The young of birds and mammals often solicit food from their parents in ways that appear to be costly and to reduce their fitness (Trivers 1974, Clutton-Brock 1991). Thus birds in the nest beg vigorously for food, incurring energenic costs and possibly attracting predators (Perrins 1965); the behaviour of young mammals requiring to suckle (bleating or crying, for example) similarly appears costly (Trivers 1974, Clutton-Brock 1991). If solicitation is a means by which the young communicate need to their parents, why has a less expensive form of communication not evolved (Trivers & Hare 1976)? An answer to this question is provided by the theory of parent-offspring conflict: natural selection acting on genes expressed in the young will lead to greater demands for parental resources than is optimal for the parent. The accurate communication of offspring need is evolutionary unstable as offspring will be selected to demand extra resources. Models of parent-offspring conflict have shown that an evolutionary stable equilibrium can exist at which an offspring solicits resources in a way that reduces its fitness, and a parent provides extra resources to prevent further expensive solicitation. I present an alternative explanation for costly solicitation by showing that the level of offspring solicitation can be a true reflection of offspring needs as long as solicitation is costly and the benefits of extra resources increase with need. My analysis suggests that the parent normally allocates resources using accurate information about the condition of the young. The requirement that the potential for parent-offspring conflict.
鳥や哺乳類の子は、明らかにコストがかかり、適応度を減少させそうな方法で、親から食物をねだる。(Trivers 1974、Clutton-Brock 1991)。例えば、巣の中で派手にbeggingをする鳥はエネルギー的なコストをこうむったり、ことによると捕食者を引き寄せたりする(Perrins 1965)。また、哺乳類の子の乳を要求する行動(例えば、bleatingやcrying)は同様にコストがあるようにみえる(Trivers 1974、Clutton-Brock 1991)。もしも、ねだる行動が子が親に要求度を伝達する方法であれば、なぜ、もっとコストのかからない形の情報伝達が進化しなかったのだろうか(Trivers & Hare 1976)?この疑問に対する答えの一つは親子間の利害の不一致の理論から与えられる。この理論とは、子に発現する遺伝子に働く自然選択は、親の資源。
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