シヴィロペディア/建造物(Building)/固有施設 - 2010/5/16のペリク鯖バックアップ

拡張版Warlordsで追加された、文明固有の都市改善。既存の一般施設を代替する形で建設される。本来のシヴィロペディアでは一般施設に分類されるが、ページの長さおよび検索上の都合から項を分けた。

2へ

Mall (ショッピングモール)

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• アメリカのスーパーマーケットの代替であるショッピングモールは、鹿、牛、豚、羊が利用可能な場合に、都市の健康を増加させます。さらに、ヒットミュージカル、ヒット曲、ヒット映画によって、幸福も増加させます。

• The Malls, the American replacement for The Supermarkets, increase the health of cities, especially if they have access to Deer, Cows, Pigs, or Sheep. They also increase happiness from Hit Musicals, Hit Singles, and Hit Movies.

• During the 20th Century, the advent of the automobile has created an urban and suburban landscape in which people live in one area but can shop, play and work elsewhere - often miles away from their homes. Nowhere is this more true than in the United States of America, whose citizens are noted for an almost fanatical devotion to their cars. This has had important social, environmental and economic affects upon life in America, leading to (among other things) the creation of that most American of institution - the shopping mall.

  American shopping malls are surrounded by acres and acres of parking lots, and they may contain dozens (if not hundreds) of stores selling everything from clothing to jewelry to electronics to books to computers to videos. In some ways American shopping malls are akin in spirit to the old Arabian markets (although Americans don't particularly enjoy haggling and prices are generally fixed).

  The earliest automobile-centered shopping center was the "Market Square," opened in Chicago, Illinois, in 1916. Constructed in Minnesota in 1992, the "Mall of America" is the largest mall in the world. It contains over 500 shops, 80 restaurants, a theme park, hotel, and movie theatres. It is housed in a building large enough to hold over 30 Boeing 747 airplanes.

Madrassa (マドラッサ)

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• アラビアの図書館の代替であるマドラッサは、都市の研究を増加させ、国教を有している場合はかなりの量の文化を提供します。

• The Madrassa, the Arabian replacement for the The Library boost your cities' research and can provide a significant amount of culture if you have a state religion.

• A "madrassa" is an Arabic institute of higher learning, usually religious in nature. The earliest madrasses were formed in Islamic mosques, where scholars gathered to study and debate religious and secular issues of the day. Over time students would come to study with the most learned scholars; the most popular teachers often had to construct separate buildings to hold their growing student population.

  At the madrassas the students would learn to read and write and study religious doctrine, history and law. Some madrassas also taught logic, world history, foreign language, mathematics, art and science. Since state-run colleges and universities did not appear until later in history, the madrassas were critical centers of learning in many early Arabic cities.

Sacrificial Altar (生け贄の祭壇)

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• アステカの裁判所の代替である生け贄の祭壇は、都市の維持費を低下させ、人工消費 (訳注:による緊急生産) によって起こる怒りの期間を短縮します。生け贄の祭壇は巨大な帝国を管理する費用のやりくりに役立ちます。

• The Sacrificial Altars, the Aztec replacements for The Courthouses, lower city maintenance costs and reduce the anger duration from sacrificing population. The Sacrificial Altars help manage the cost of controlling large empires.

• In Aztec culture, religion was inextricably woven into the fabric of daily life. The king was the leader of the nation; he also held high office in the religion. Aztec religious policies had the full force of law behind them. When a condemned criminal was executed, he was killed on the same sacrificial altars that the Aztecs used to sacrifice captured prisoners (and others) during religious rituals.

  Despite their bloodthirsty - even savage - reputation, the Aztecs had quite a sophisticated judicial system to protect both person and property. Each major city or town had a supreme judge. Once appointed, the supreme judge was totally independent of the monarchy; he wielded ultimate judicial control over his jurisdiction. Beneath the supreme judge was a three-member court, and beneath them were a group of lesser magistrates who were elected to their office by the people of the city. There is little evidence of corruption in the Aztec courts: judicial misconduct was punishable by death.

  Though the Aztecs could be considered barbaric by most modern standards, their justice system was fairly effective at deterring crime and keeping the peace. For example, there could not have been much theft in the cities: the Aztec residences were not equipped with locks or even bolts.

Cothon (コトン)

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• カルタゴの港の代替であるコトンは、都市の交易路からの収入を大きく増やします。貝や 蟹、魚の資源によって、都市の健康を増加させます。

• The Cothon, the Carthaginian replacement for the The Harbor, significantly increases that city's income from trade routes. It increases a city's health from access to Clam, Crab, Fish resources.

• Of Phoenician origin, the city-state of Carthage was a mighty sea power, with a trading empire stretching across much of the Mediterranean. Carthage's wealth (and survival) depended upon the quality of its navy and merchant fleet. To protect its fleet from attack and the elements, and to improve and speed construction of new vessels, Carthage constructed two artificial harbors ("cothon") in the city, a massive effort that required the excavation of some 230,000 cubic meters of earth. One harbor was for the merchant fleet; the second was for the Carthaginian navy.

  According to ancient historians, "The harbors had communication with each other, and a common entrance from the sea seventy feet wide, which could be closed with iron chains. The first port was for merchant vessels, and here were collected all kinds of ships' tackle. Within the second port was an island, and great quays were set at intervals round both the harbor and the island. These embankments were full of shipyards which had capacity for 220 vessels."

Dun (ダン)

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• ケルトの防壁の代替であるダンは、火薬以前のユニットに対する都市の防御を強化し、その都市で作られる全てのユニットに ゲリラI の昇進を付与します。

• The Duns, the Celtic replacements for The Walls, increase a city's defenses against pre-gunpowder units, and gives all eligible units built in this city the Guerrilla I promotion.

• "Dun" is a Celtic word meaning, "hill-fort." The Celts began constructing duns around the seventh century BC, and remnants can be found scattered across Western Europe, England, Scotland and Ireland. Duns were typically small, squat towers constructed of dry-laid stone on raised, defensible terrain such as hills and promontories. Some were surrounded by ditches or artificial lakes.

  While many hill-forts were primitive and quite small, more extensive and complex Celtic duns have also been discovered. One such example is "Dun Carloway," on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. This double-walled castle-like structure originally stood some thirteen meters high and fourteen meters in diameter. Maiden Castle in Dorset, England, is an extensive wall and ditch work surmounting a large hill some 47 acres in size.

Pavilion (楼閣)

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• 中国の劇場の代替である楼閣は、都市の文化を大きく増加させ、文化スライダーによって幸福の量を増加させます。

• The Pavilion, the Chinese replacement for a The Theatre, significantly increases a city's culture and increases the happiness output from using the culture slider.

• A "pavilion" is a covered building without surrounding walls (think of it as a roof supported by columns). This kind of structure has been extremely popular for centuries in China, where they are often found in parks and gardens as well as in temple complexes.

  The first Chinese pavilions were probably constructed during the "Zhou dynasty," and they became quite numerous during the Warring States Period (approximately 400-200 BC). At first these buildings may have been used as watchtowers, providing soldiers with an uninterrupted 360-degree view along with shelter from rain and snow, but in later periods they were incorporated into Chinese gardens and parks, where they were prized for their elegance and simplicity of design.

Obelisk (オベリスク)(*2)

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• エジプトのモニュメントの代替であるエジプトのオベリスクは、都市に少量の文化を提供し、2人の聖職者を専門家として加えることができるようになります。

• The Egyptian Obelisk, the Egyptian replacement for the The Monument, provides its city with a small amount of culture and also allows the city to have 2 priest specialist.

• An obelisk is an upright four-sided pillar that tapers to a point, usually placed to commemorate some important god, person or event. The earliest known obelisks are found in Egypt, which is believed to have invented the form. Obelisks were a prominent feature of Egyptian architecture, and two were generally placed at the entrance to Egyptian temples.

  Cleopatra's Needles - the most famous Egyptian obelisks (which were later looted and relocated to various countries around the world) - were constructed of granite and stood over 20 meters in height. While much larger obelisks have since been built - at 167 meters the Washington Monument in the United States is the tallest obelisk in the world - the Egyptian obelisks were extremely impressive feats of architecture and engineering for their time.

Stock Exchange (証券取引所)

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• イギリスの銀行の代替である証券取引所は、銀行よりさらに都市からの富の算出を増大させます。

• The Stock Exchange, the English replacement for a The Bank, increases a city's production of wealth even more than a The Bank.

• At the risk of dramatic oversimplification - a stock exchange is an organization which allows "brokers" to buy and sell "stocks" and "bonds." A stock represents part ownership in a company, and a bond is a loan to a company, which the company guarantees to repay with interest. If the company does well, the investors make money; if the company does poorly (or fails entirely) the investors lose money.

  The primary benefit of a stock exchange to society is that it allows companies to concentrate a large amount of wealth to accomplish something that no individual (or perhaps government) would be able to afford. In the nineteenth century, for example, construction of the United States' railroad network was in large part financed by individuals who purchased shares of railroad companies. Earlier in history, the great British and Dutch trading companies were similarly financed.

  For a long period of history, the English city of London was the financial center of the world. The London Stock Exchange is one of the largest exchanges in the world, as well as one of the oldest. Though officially founded in 1801, it can trace its origins to the late seventeenth century, when - the brokers having been expelled from the Royal Exchange for rowdiness - buying and selling stocks took place in London coffee houses.

Salon (サロン)

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• フランスの天文台の代替であるサロンは、都市の科学研究を増加させ、偉大な芸術家が生まれる確率を増加させます。

• The Salon, the French replacement for the The Observatory, increases a city's scientific research and increases the city's chances of generating a Great Artist.

• In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the French nobility used to gather the local "intelligentsia" to discuss the literary or artistic works of the day. The word "salon" refers to the reception room where these parties were held. The salons were almost always organized by the most beautiful, intelligent and rich women in the French nobility. During the seventeenth centuries the two most important literary salons were run by Madame de Rambouillet and her rival, Madeleine de Scudery. Virtually every important French author, poet, artist and scientist attended one or the other of these gatherings, making them the very centers of French intellectual thought.

Assembly Plant (総合組立工場)

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• ドイツの工場の代替である総合組立工場は、かなりの不衛生と引き替えに都市の生産を増加させます。総合組立工場は、適当な資源から追加の生産を得るために火力、水力、または原子力発電所の建設を必要とします。

• The Assembly Plants, the German replacements for The Factories, increase a city's production at the cost of adding significant unhealthiness. The Assembly Plants are required to build The Coal, The Hydro, or The Nuclear Plants, which add additional production with the proper resources.

• An assembly plant is a building or complex of buildings where workers build goods from their component parts, which are created on-the-spot or in factories elsewhere. In many cases the goods are assembled using an "assembly line" style of production in which individual parts are added to the product by a number of workers, each of whom performs his or her actions in sequence as the product moves down the production line. The plant also may include a warehouse to store parts as well as the finished products.

  Although a relative latecomer to the Industrial Revolution and manufacturing in general, by the early twentieth century the German plants were among the most efficient in the world. During the First and Second World Wars German plants built thousands of tanks, planes, and other war materiel under horrendous conditions and in the face of concentrated Allied bombing attacks. Into the twenty-first century the German manufactories remain among the world's best.

Odeon (オデオン)

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• ギリシャのコロシアムの代替であるオデオンは、コロシアムよりさらに都市の幸福を増加させ、文化スライダーによっても都市の幸福を増加させます。

• The Odeon, the Greek replacement for a The Colosseum, increases a city's happiness even more than a The Colosseum, and also increases its happiness output from using the culture slider.

• Modern western drama was created in Greece around 530 BC, evolving from the "dithyramb," a fertility ritual of songs, poems and dances offered to the Greek god Dionysus. An "Odeon" is a large, open-aired structure in which such performances were held. The audience sat in a semicircle of seats around a central paved "dancing square" (orchestra). The first row of seats was reserved for important officials or priests. There was usually an altar dedicated to Dionysus somewhere in the odeon. The "logeion" was a small raised platform where the performers acted (the original dramas had at most three or four actors; the size of the stage would increase as later plays required bigger casts).

Terrace (棚畑)

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• インカの穀物庫の代替である棚畑は、少量の文化を提供し、食料を保存することで都市の成長速度を増加させます。あなたの文明がCorn（トウモロコシ）やWheat（小麦）、Rice（米）を手に入れているならば、健康を追加します。

• The Terraces, the Incan replacements for The Granaries, provide a small amount of culture and store food to help increase a city's growth rate. They add additional health if your civ has access to Corn, Wheat, and Rice.

• Much of the Incan empire was located on the steep slopes of the Andes Mountains. Such terrain posed a significant challenge to agriculture, as constant soil erosion made the ground less fertile, and heavy rains were quite likely to wash away the current crops (as well as the soil they stood on). Very early on, the Incan farmers mastered the art of constructing terraces upon which to grow their crops. These terraces created much flatter ground upon which to farm, which resulted in less soil erosion and greatly increased production.

  Creation of farming terraces in such steep terrain required a good deal of engineering skill (to build the necessary retaining walls), as well as an abundance of cheap manual labor and a sophisticated knowledge of irrigation. They were well worth the effort, however, and with them the Incans were able to sustain thriving cities in locations that other civilizations would have found totally inhospitable.

Mausoleum (霊廟)

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• インドの刑務所の代替である霊廟は、都市の厭戦感情を低下させ、幸福を提供します。長期戦になり、あなたの市民が不満を言い始めたら建てるといいでしょう。

• The Mausoleums, the Indian replacement for The Jails, lower a city's War Weariness and provide happiness. Build them if you are involved in a long war and or if your citizens are generally starting to complain.

• A "mausoleum" is a large and ornate building constructed to hold the remains of a person of importance, typically a leader, warlord, or extremely wealthy merchant. Mausoleums can be found in many ancient civilizations, where they played both a sacred and political role - seeking to awe the viewer with the power and wealth of the state (or the individual). The Egyptian pyramids are essentially huge mausoleums built to hold the remains of pharaohs.

  Throughout history Indian leaders have constructed extensive mausoleums for themselves and their relatives. Perhaps the best known of these is the Taj Mahal, built in the seventeenth century by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan to house the remains of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.

Shale Plant (シェール油精製施設)

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• 日本の火力発電所の代替であるシェール油精製施設は、工場に電力を供給しますが、汚染により都市の健康を損ないます。

• The Shale Plants, the Japanese replacements for The Coal Plants, provide power for the Factory, although the pollution will hurt your city's health.

• In the early half of the twentieth century, Japan was fast becoming one of the most industrialized nations in the world. As such, Japan needed access to fossil fuels to run her factories, energy plants, and vehicles, especially her growing navy. Much of Japan's colonization/conquest efforts during that period were designed to gain control over areas rich in such resources. Conflict between Japan and the United States - another growing Pacific industrial power - over these resources was one of the root causes of the Second World War (or the Pacific theatre portion of that war, anyway).

  Shale is a compound formed of decayed and compacted organic material much like other fossil fuels. However, shale requires a good deal of preparation before it becomes an adequate fuel, making it much more expensive than petroleum. However, lacking easy access to high-quality coal and petroleum during the pre-war period, the Japanese constructed a number of plants designed to create fuel from shale. The shale plant in occupied Manchuria was capable of producing as much as 200,000 tons of shale oil per year. Such plants kept the Japanese navy afloat during its long struggle with the larger and resource-rich United States.

Seowon (書院)

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• 韓国の大学の代替である書院は、大学よりさらに都市の研究を増加させ、文化を提供します。

• The Seowon, the Korean replacement for the The University, increases a city's research even more than a The University and provides culture.

• Throughout its history, Korea has always placed great emphasis on education. The first system of formal education was created during the "Three Kingdoms" period (57 BC - 668 AD). This system was loosely based upon the education system used in Korea's northern neighbor, China. The National Confucian Academy (or "seowon"), the first state-run institution of higher learning was founded in 372 AD, and some three hundred years later another university - the National Confucian College - was founded in 660 AD. Early Korean universities emphasized the study of Chinese classics. Confucianism was an important topic of study, and it remained so even after the Koryo Dyansty adopted Buddhism as the state religion.

  In modern Korea (at least in the South) education continues to be held in high importance. There are over 300 institutes of higher education - including junior vocational colleges and colleges and universities and graduate schools - in South Korea, with enrollment in excess of two million students.

Mint (ミント)

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• マリの鍛冶屋の代替であるミントは、少量の富を提供し、都市でのユニットや建物の生産を加速する一方、都市に不衛生を加算します。

• The Mint, the Mali replacement for the The Forge, provides a small increase in wealth, allows a city to produce units and buildings faster, but also adds unhealthiness in cities.

• At the height of its power, the Mali Empire had a trading empire that stretched across Africa and into Europe, the Middle East, and Asia; the great wealth of the Mali Empire in large came from the rich gold mines of Bumbuk and Bure.

  Once the gold was extracted from the mine and purified, it needed to be shaped into a size and form that was easy for the Malinese to transport and to trade. Gold could be formed into large blocks or bars, but these were extremely heavy and cumbersome, and quite awkward to transport on horse/camelback. They were also so expensive that only governments and the very rich would be able to afford them, and so that form was usually reserved for large quantities of gold that were to be transported by ship. For smaller and more convenient uses, gold was formed into coins.

  A place where money is created is called a "mint." At a mint, the gold is melted and poured into a standardized coin form - or, in earlier times, it might be manually pounded and cut into shape. The coin is usually decorated with the ruler's head or some other recognizable symbol. The value of the gold coin is dependent upon the purity of the metal in the coin, and its weight. Throughout history the unscrupulous have attempted to pass off light or impure coins to unsuspecting purchasers. If widespread, this practice can seriously damage trade and cripple a nation's entire economy. To maintain a reputation for honest dealing, the Malinese needed to use fairly sophisticated measuring tools to ensure that their coins maintained a consistent value. This in turn spurred advancements in science and technology.

Ger (ゲル)

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• モンゴルの厩舎の代替であるゲルは、厩舎より多くの経験値を騎乗ユニットに与えます。

• The Gers, the Mongol replacements for The Stables, provide your mounted units with even more experience than The Stables.

• As nomadic tribesmen (and later as cavalry-based conquerors), the Mongolians' survival was dependent upon the quality of their horses and the skill of their riders. A warhorse must be extensively trained if it is to be successfully used in battle. In their natural state, most horses quite sensibly seek to run away from dangerous situations - say, when surrounded by screaming men armed with sharp objects. A cavalryman's horse, on the other hand, needs to be able to suppress this instinct and instead instantly carry out any order given it by its rider - no matter how suicidal. Such training takes time and skill - for both mount and rider. Mongolian stables - built in the ubiquitous Mongolian yurt (or "ger") tents - provide such training.

Hammam (ハマム)

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• オスマンの上水道の代替であるハマムは、都市の幸福と健康を改善します。都市を成長させたい時や、住民が不満を言い出したらハマムを建てるといいでしょう。

• The Hammam, the Ottoman replacement for the The Aqueduct, improves a city's happiness and health. Build The Hammams when you want to grow a city, or when the populace begins clamoring for it.

• Cleanliness was extremely important in Ottoman culture. Before modern plumbing, the Ottomans constructed communal steam baths ("hammams") throughout their major cities. In early times many of these were attached to mosques - ritual cleanliness played an important part in the Ottoman religious beliefs - in later periods they evolved into separate buildings and eventually, into enormous complexes of buildings.

  The Ottoman hammams were largely modeled on their Roman and Byzantine predecessors. They contained three main areas: a hot room, a moderate room and a cool room. Both men and women could attend hammams, but they bathed in separate areas.

Apothecary (薬屋)

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• ペルシャの雑貨商の代替である薬屋は、都市の富と健康を増加させます。香辛料、砂糖、ワイン、バナナによってさらに都市の健康が増加します。

• The Apothecary, the Persian replacement for a The Grocer, increases a city's wealth and health. It further increases the city's health with access to Spices, Sugar, Wine, or Bananas.

• An apothecary is the name of a person who researches and creates herbal medicines (it's also the name of his business establishment). In ancient Persia, the practice of medicine was split between two professions. The "ashpiu" was a sort of sorcerer or witch-doctor, who determined the spiritual cause of the ailment and prescribed the religious and magical rituals necessary for a cure. The ashpiu could also refer the patient to an apothecary or "asu," a combination of pharmacist and physician, who would provide the necessary medicines and treatments to cure the ailment.

  Persia stood atop one of the great trading crossroads of the world, and their apothecaries had access to medicines and procedures from Africa, Europe, and Asia. And though like anywhere else there was much superstition and misinformation about disease and how best to treat it, Persian medicine was among the most advanced in the ancient world.

Forum (公共広場)

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• ローマの市場の代替である公共広場は、都市の富と偉人の誕生確率を増加させます。毛皮、象牙、絹、鯨によって都市の幸福がさらに増加します。

• The Forums, the Roman replacements for The Markets, increase a city's wealth and Great Person birth rate. They also increase the city's happiness with access to Fur, Ivory, Silk, or Whales.

• Roman civic and commercial life was largely centered upon the "forum," an open space surrounded by markets, temples, government buildings, and the "rostra," a platform where Romans made political speeches to their fellows. The Roman forums may have been modeled upon the "agoras," which served much the same purposes in earlier Greek cities. The most famous forum is the "Roman Forum," located at the center of the Imperial City, but most other Roman cities had them as well.

  The Roman Forum in Rome contained a number of very important and beautiful buildings, including temples devoted to Romulus, Saturn and Vesta, several basilicas, and the "Curia Hostilia," which housed the Roman Senate.

Research Institute (研究施設)

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• ロシアの研究所の代替である研究施設は、科学研究と宇宙船の生産力を増加させるほか、その都市に無料の化学者を提供します。

• The Research Institutes, the Russian replacements for The Laboratories, provide a free scientist to their city in addition to increasing scientific research and spaceship production.

• Russian scientific research has a long and storied history. The great seventeenth century Russian artist and scientist Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765) helped create the University of Moscow, one of the great scientific research institutions of the world. Tsar Peter the Great founded the prestigious Russian Academy of Science by decree in 1724.

  When the Communists took over Russia in the early twentieth century they placed great emphasis upon modernizing and industrializing the Soviet Union, and they heavily funded scientific research. Though initially well behind their European and American counterparts, Russian scientists quickly caught up, and in some areas - especially in the theoretical sciences - surpassed their colleagues in the West.

  The collapse of the Soviet Union in the latter half of the twentieth century did great damage to scientific research; however, as Russia regains economic strength, it can be expected her scientists, universities and research institutions will once again be among the leaders in the world.